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Order Number	00095916
Title	Operator stays on job
Studio	Moss Photo.
Collection ID	Herald Examiner Collection
Location/Accession	HE box 102
Date	1928
Physical Description	1 photographic print :b&w ;25 x 20 cm.
Notes	Photograph was edited for publication purposes.
Historical Data	The St. Francis Dam was built between 1924 and 1926 under the supervision of William Mulholland, then-chief engineer and general manager of the Bureau of Water Works and Supply (now known as Los Angeles Department of Water and Power); it was a concrete gravity-arch dam designed to create a reservoir as part of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. During construction of the dam, Mulholland decided to make changes in the original design, eventually raising the height of the dam from 175 feet to 195 feet, which in turn increased the capacity of the reservoir from 30,000 to more than 38,000 acre-feet of water. On March 7, 1928, the reservoir was filled to capacity for the first time. Several cracks had been noticed prior to filling, and more cracks and leaks appeared after it was full. Three minutes before midnight on March 12, 1928, the dam catastrophically failed and 12 billion gallons of water surged down San Francisquito Canyon in a flood wave, taking victims and destroying everything in its path. The official death toll in August 1928 was 385, but the bodies continued to be discovered every few years - the actual body count is speculated to be more than 600 victims. William Mulholland was determined to be partially responsible for the disaster (along with governmental organizations which oversaw the dam's construction), but cleared of any charges since he could not have known of the instability of the rock formations on which the dam was built. Mulholland retired from the LADWP soon after the disaster and retreated into a life of self-imposed isolation. He died in 1935 at the age of 79.
Description	Photograph article dated March 28, 1928 reads, "From districts swept by the St. Francis dam flood came more stories of heroic phone operators who stuck to their posts and saved scores of lives at risk of their own. Louise Gipe received and spread the first alarm at Santa Paula."
Subject	Telephone operators--California--Los Angeles. Dam failures--California--Los Angeles County. Disasters--California--Los Angeles County. Women--California--Los Angeles County. Telephone switchboards. St. Francis Dam Failure, California, 1928. Saint Francis Dam (Calif.). Herald-Examiner Collection photographs. Portrait photographs
Coverage	1921; 1922; 1923; 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930
Format	Photographic prints
Reproduction Information	Images available for reproduction and use. Please see the Ordering & Use page at http://tessa.lapl.org/OrderingUse.html for additional information.
Sub-Collection Name	Los Angeles Herald Examiner Photo Collection